SABERWEB

Malcolm Little, mais conhecido como Malcolm X (19 de maio de 1925, Omaha, Nebraska — assassinado em 21 de fevereiro de 1965, Nova Iorque), foi um dos maiores defensores dos direitos dos negros nos Estados Unidos. Fundou a Organização para a Unidade Afro-Americana, de inspiração socialista.

Famoso líder afro-americano que teve o pai, um pastor, assassinado pela Ku Klux Klan e sua mãe internada por insanidade. Viveu a adolescência nas ruas e enquanto esteve preso descobriu o islão. Malcolm faz sua conversão religiosa como um discípulo messiânico de Elijah Mohammed. Converteu-se ao islão, mudando o nome para El-Hajj Malik Al-Shabazz.

Martin Luther King e Malcolm X divergiam em pensamentos, King defendia uma “resistência pacífica” pelo negros e Malcolm defendia a separação das raças, independência econômica e um Estado autônomo.

Malcolm foi assassinano em 21 de fevereiro de 1965 durante seu discurso no Harlem. O processo da morte de Malcolm foi arquivado por falta de provas.

Literatura em inglês

* Autobiography of Malcolm X (co-autor Alex Haley) ISBN 0812419537
* Acuna, Rodolfo. Occupied America: A History of Chicanos. New York: Harper & Row, 1981.
* Alkalimat, Abdul. Malcolm X for Beginners. New York: Writers and Readers, 1990.
* Asante, Molefi K. Malcolm X as Cultural Hero: and Other Afrocentric Essays. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1993.
* Baldwin, James. One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based On Alex Haley’s “The Autobiography Of Malcolm X”. New York: Dell, 1992.
* Breitman, George, ed. Malcolm X Speaks. New York: Merit, 1965.
* Breitman, George. The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary. New York: Pathfinder, 1967.
* Breitman, George and Herman Porter. The Assassination of Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder, 1976.
* Brisbane, Robert. Black Activism. Valley Forge, Pennsylvania: Judson Press, 1974.
* Carson, Claybourne. Malcolm X: The FBI File. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1991.
* Carson, Claybourne, et al. The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader. New York: Penguin, 1991.
* Clarke, John Henrik, ed. Malcolm X; the Man and His Times. New York: Macmillan, 1969.
* Cleage, Albert B. and George Breitman. Myths About Malcolm X: Two Views. New York: Merit, 1968.
* Collins, Rodney P. The Seventh Child. New York: Dafina; London: Turnaround, 2002.
* Cone, James H. Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or A Nightmare. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1991.
* Davis, Thulani. Malcolm X: The Great Photographs. New York: Stewart, Tabon and Chang, 1992.
* Decaro, Louis A. On The Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X. New York: New York University, 1996.
* Doctor, Bernard Aquina. Malcolm X for Beginners. New York: Writers and Readers, 1992.
* Dyson, Michael Eric. Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
* Essien-Udom, E. U. Black Nationalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
* Evanzz, Karl. The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1992.
* Franklin, Robert Michael. Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment And Social Justice In African-American Thought. Minneapolis, MN : Fortress Press, 1990.
* Friedly, Michael. The Assassination of Malcolm X. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1992.
* Gallen, David, ed. Malcolm A to Z: The Man and His Ideas. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1992.
* Garrow, David. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. New York: Vintage, 1988.
* Goldman, Peter. The Death and Life of Malcolm X. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979.
* Hampton, Henry and Steve Fayer. Voices of Freedom: Oral Histories from the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s. New York: Bantam, 1990.
* Harding, Vincent, Robin D. G. Kelley and Earl Lewis. We Changed the World: African Americans, 1945-1970. The Young Oxford History of African Americans, v. 9. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
* Hill, Robert A. Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987.
* Jamal, Hakim A. From The Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me. New York: Random House, 1500.
* Jenkins, Robert L. The Malcolm X Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2007.
* Karim, Benjamin with Peter Skutches and David Gallen. Remembering Malcolm. New York: Carroll & Graf, eu nasci ou ou oou ou.
* Kly, Yussuf Naim, ed. The Black Book: The True Political Philosophy of Malcolm X (El Hajj Malik El Shabazz). Atlanta: Clarity Press, 1986.
* Leader, Edward Roland. Understanding Malcolm X: The Controversial Changes in His Political Philosophy. New York: Vantage Press, 1993.
* Lee, Spike with Ralph Wiley. By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of The Making Of Malcolm X. New York, N.Y.: Hyperion, 1992.
* Lincoln, C. Eric. The Black Muslims in America. Boston, Beacon. 1961.
* Lomax, Louis. When the Word is Given. Cleveland: World, 1963.
* Maglangbayan, Shawna. Garvey, Lumumba, and Malcolm: National-Separatists. Chicago, Third World Press 1972.
* Marable, Manning. On Malcolm X: His Message & Meaning. Westfield, N.J.: Open Media, 1992.
* Martin, Tony. Race First. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1976.
* Perry, Bruce. Malcolm: The Life of A Man Who Changed Black America. New York: Station Hill, 1991.
* Randall, Dudley and Margaret G. Burroughs, ed. For Malcolm; Poems on The Life and The Death of Malcolm X. Preface and Eulogy By Ossie Davis. Detroit: Broadside Press, 1967.
* Sales, William W. From Civil Rights To Black Liberation: Malcolm X And The Organization Of Afro-American Unity. Boston, MA: South End Press, 1994.
* Shabazz, Ilyasah. Growing Up X. New York: One World, 2002.
* Strickland, William, et al. Malcolm X: Make It Plain. Penquin Books, 1994.
* T’Shaka, Oba. The Political Legacy of Malcolm X. Richmond, Calif.: Pan Afrikan Publications, 1983.
* Tuttle, William. Race Riot: Chicago, The Red Summer of 1919. New York: Atheneum, 1970.
* Vincent, Theodore. Black Power and the Garvey Movement. San Francisco: Ramparts, 1972.
* Wood, Joe, ed. Malcolm X: In Our Own Image. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.
* Woodward, C. Vann. Origins of the New South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Krisly Burnt.

Licenciado sob a GNU Free Documentation License. Fonte de Wikipédia Malcolm X.